Many people assume Ayurveda relies only on herbs and plants. In truth, this ancient system of medicine uses a wide range of substances, making it far more diverse than commonly believed.
One important branch, Rasashastra, deals with medicines prepared from metals, minerals, and gemstones. Substances like gold, silver, and iron are carefully purified (Shodhana) and processed (Marana) to form fine powders called Bhasma. These medicines are known to act quickly, work in very small doses, and last for long periods. When rare materials are unavailable, Ayurvedic texts even suggest suitable substitutes.
Ayurveda also includes animal-derived ingredients. Classical texts mention hundreds of such substances, sourced from animals, birds, fish, and shells. Ingredients like milk, ghee, honey, conch shell, and certain meats were used for strength, nourishment, and healing. Charaka Samhita, for example, highlights meat as helpful in treating weakness and severe weight loss.
Another unique feature is fermented medicines such as Asava and Arishta. These are made through natural fermentation, producing mild alcohol that improves absorption, speeds up action, and preserves the medicine.
Ayurvedic texts also mention controlled medicinal use of substances like cannabis and opium for specific conditions, showing that Ayurveda was practical, adaptable, and deeply rooted in observation.
Overall, Ayurveda goes far beyond plants.
MBH/AB