Prolonged immune activation in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: neutrophil dynamics and therapeutic insights

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https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-025-01539-5

Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) is characterized by persistent symptoms such as fatigue, respiratory complications and cognitive dysfunction, affecting approximately 13.5% of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Despite its clinical significance, the mechanisms driving PASC remain poorly understood. Here, to address this, we utilized a Phodopus roborovskii hamster model to investigate the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with influenza A virus. While 46.25–47.50% of hamsters survived SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A virus H1N1 infection, 13.75% of SARS-CoV-2 survivors exhibited impaired weight recovery, severe lung pathology and significant neutrophil accumulation, defining the PASC group.

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The hamster study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 can produce long-term consequences similar to COVID, such as lung damage and immunological alterations. Understanding these pathways may aid in the development of more effective treatments for postviral problems.