*Extended Mission Challenges – Mars missions last 2–3 years, requiring advanced healthcare systems since evacuation to Earth isn’t possible.
*Microgravity Effects – Prolonged exposure leads to bone loss, muscle atrophy, vision problems, and cardiovascular changes.
*Radiation Risks – High cosmic radiation exposure increases cancer risk, DNA damage, and central nervous system issues.
*Autonomous Medical Systems – AI-powered diagnostic tools and robotic surgery assistance will help astronauts handle medical emergencies without Earth’s real-time guidance (due to communication delays).
*Telemedicine Limitations – 20+ minute delay in signals between Earth and Mars requires astronauts to be more self-reliant in treatment decisions.
*3D Bioprinting – On-site printing of tissues, skin grafts, and even organs for wound healing and regenerative medicine.
*Personalized Medicine – Genetic and epigenetic data will guide individualized treatments to reduce risks in space environments.
*Mental Health Care – Isolation, confinement, and distance from Earth demand strong psychological support systems, VR therapy, and AI-driven counseling.
*Pharmaceutical Stability – Medicines degrade faster in space; research is ongoing to develop space-stable drugs and novel delivery systems.
*Preventive Medicine – Focus on exercise regimes, nutrition, and wearable health monitors to detect problems before they become severe.
*Emergency Surgery Options – Portable surgical kits, robotic-assisted procedures, and sterile environments adapted for low gravity.
*Integration of Wearables & Biosensors – Continuous health tracking (heart, sleep, stress, hydration) to predict and prevent complications.