Basics of Oral Hypoglycemic Therapy

Pharmacy
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INTRODUCTION:
These drugs are medicines taken by mouth to reduce blood glucose levels. They are mainly used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, where the body produces insulin but cannot use it properly. These drugs help control blood sugar and prevent long-term complications of diabetes.
What is Oral Hypoglycemic Therapy?
it refers the use of oral antidiabetic drugs to control blood glucose levels. These drugs are only effective when the patients has sl functional pancreatic beta cells.
Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs Used for type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,Mild to moderate diabetes,Patients not controlled by diet and exercise alone and sometimes used along with insulin.

Classification of Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs:

  1. Sulfonylureas:
    Examples: Glibenclamide, Glipizide
    :backhand_index_pointing_right:Increase insulin release from pancreas
    Effective in early Type 2 DM

  2. Biguanides:
    Example: Metformin
    :backhand_index_pointing_right:First-line drug for Type 2 DM and Reduces glucose production in liver.

  3. Thiazolidinediones:
    Examples: Pioglitazone
    :backhand_index_pointing_right:Reduce insulin resistance and Improve insulin sensitivity in tissues.

  4. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors:
    Examples: Acarbose, Miglitol
    :backhand_index_pointing_right:Delay absorption of glucose from intestine

  5. DPP-4 Inhibitors:
    Examples: Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin
    :backhand_index_pointing_right:Increase insulin release and reduce glucagon.

Mechanism of action:

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ADVANTAGES:

:glowing_star:Easy to administer (oral route).

:glowing_star:Better patient compliance.

:glowing_star:Useful in early and moderate Type 2 DM.

:glowing_star:Can be used in combination therapy.

DISADVANTAGES:

:glowing_star:Not useful in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

:glowing_star:Risk of hypoglycemia especially by sulfonylureas.

CONCLUSION:

Oral hypoglycemic therapy plays an important role in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. These drugs act by different mechanisms such as increasing insulin secretion, reducing insulin resistance, and decreasing glucose absorption.

MBH/PS

5 Likes
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yes very true .and also noting down side effect associated and dietary and physical lifestyke changes

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Thank you for sharing such a brief yet detailed explanation of the drugs. such contents are honestly very useful for students

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Great OHA overview for T2DM!

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Well explained

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and good revision

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This was great revision about the different MOA’s of oral hypoglycemic drugs!

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A clear and well structured overview this makes the basics of oral hypoglycemic therapy easy to understand, especially for students and early learners.

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Very well explained. Oral hypoglycemics are such a cornerstone in Type 2 diabetes management. Metformin remains the first‑line choice because of its effect on hepatic glucose production, while sulfonylureas carry that risk of hypoglycemia. The newer DPP‑4 inhibitors add value by working through incretin pathways, showing how therapy can be tailored to each patient’s needs.

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yes reminded of college times

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What a wonderful explanation of the oral hypoglycemics! It is pertinent to mention that the effectiveness of the hypoglycemic agents lies in the presence of functioning beta cells. They are, therefore, ideal for the management of Type 2 patients. The division into sulfonylureas, biguanides, and other types helps to establish which type of hypoglycemic the patient requires in accordance with the patient’s clinical condition. This becomes especially important in the management of patients who are not well controlled with dietary and exercise management. Therefore, the basics need to be grasped to effectively manage the patient’s diabetes and prevent complications.”

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Well explained but different drugs has different side effects so it would be very useful if it was included along.

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side effect is benifit to some one in certain conditions

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Yes but getting to know some of the basic side effects may help in prevention of such conditions

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Simply altering one’s lifestyle, diet, and the sequence of meals—beginning with a salad, followed by protein, fats, and carbohydrates—can significantly reduce glucose spikes and help prevent or manage diabetes by maintaining stable blood sugar levels.

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It’s a good info,helpful too

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Recent advances include the development of newer drug classes like SGLT2 inhibitors, which help reduce blood sugar by promoting glucose excretion through urine and also provide cardiovascular and kidney benefits.

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yes and this encourages to read more